You are the leader of a team of atmospheric scientists. Your mission is to explore Earth's atmosphere using instruments carried into the sky by a balloon. Your instruments will measure altitude, air pressure, and temperature.
The lightweight batteries in your instrument package are not very strong. They only have enough charge to power the balloon's radio transmitter a few times. On each balloon flight you will only be able to collect pressure and temperature data at four different altitudes. However, you will be able to launch four balloons; so you will be able to take as many as 16 temperature, pressure, and altitude readings.
Before each balloon flight, you will set: 1) the altitude at which the balloon's instruments will start collecting data, and 2) the distance (altitude) between readings. For example: you might choose to start collecting data at an altitude of 5 km, and take readings every 2 km. Since you get four readings per flight, these settings would cause the balloon's instruments to measure temperature and pressure at altitudes of 5 km, 7 km, 9 km, and 11 km above sea level.
You will need to plan carefully to collect the data you need to see how pressure and temperature change with altitude. You should also take a look at patterns you see in your first flight to help you decide where you need more data. That information can help you decide what settings to use in later flights.
It may seem odd to think of Earth's atmosphere as having layers, but scientists know that it does. The layer closest to the ground is called the troposphere. The layer above that is called the stratosphere. Above the stratosphere is the mesosphere, and above that is the thermosphere. At certain altitudes the pressure or temperature (or both!) change suddenly. Those altitudes are the boundaries or borders between layers. Part of your mission is to find the boundaries between layers. Keep an eye on your data, looking for sudden changes. Keep in mind that balloons can only fly just so high; your balloon may not be able to reach all of the layers listed above (and certainly cannot fly up to the exosphere, the layer above the thermosphere).
Are you ready to start launching balloons?
Flight # | Start Recording Altitude |
Altitude Interval |
1 |
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2 |
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3 |
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4 |
The top of Mt. Everest is about 10 km above sea level. Air pressure at sea level is about 1,013 millibars.
What is the air pressure (in millibars) at the top of Everest? | |
What % of sea level air pressure is that? | |
What is the temperature at the top of Everest? |
At what altitude has the air pressure dropped to 50% (half) of air pressure at sea level (1,013 millibars)? |
_____________ |
Can you see any sudden changes in the way pressure and/or temperature change with altitude? Those altitudes could be the boundaries between layers of the atmosphere. The boundaries between layers have names:
Remember, your balloon may not reach all of the layers of Earth's atmosphere. Fill in as much of the table below as you can.
Boundary | Altitude (km) | Temperature (° C) | Pressure (mbars) |
Tropopause (top of troposphere) | |||
Stratopause (top of stratosphere) | |||
Mesopause (top of mesosphere) | |||
Thermopause (top of thermosphere) |
Fill in the table below for each layer you detected:
Atmosphere Layer | How does pressure change as altitude increases? |
How does temperature change as altitude increases? |
Troposphere (lowest layer, starting at sea level) |
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Stratosphere (layer above the troposphere) |
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Mesosphere (layer above the stratosphere) |
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Thermosphere (layer above the mesosphere) |